Galvanic vestibular stimulation and its applications: a systematic review,

Abstract Objective: Galvanic vestibular stimulation has been evaluated in the context of vestibular rehabilitation. The objective was to identify evidence in the scientific literature about the clinical applications of galvanic vestibular stimulation. Methods: In this systematic review, the articles describing the applications of galvanic vestibular stimulation were extracted from PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Scopus, LILACS and SciELO databases. The survey was limited to articles published in English, Portuguese and Spanish. All the articles about the clinical applications of galvanic vestibular stimulation were compiled. Repeated articles in the databases, literature review articles, case reports, letters and editorials were excluded. The descriptors included: galvanic vestibular stimulation, postural balance, central nervous system diseases, vestibular diseases, spinal cord diseases and cognition. Results: The search strategy resulted in the initial selection of 994 articles; the reading of titles and abstracts was accomplished in 470 articles and the complete reading in 23 articles. Clinical applications of galvanic vestibular stimulation included Ménière's disease, vestibular neuritis, bilateral vestibular disorders, vestibular schwannoma, Parkinson's disease, ischemic central lesions, motor myelopathies, anxiety disorders, cognition and memory. Conclusion: Galvanic vestibular stimulation has been considered a potentially useful strategy for balance rehabilitation, since it has the effect of stimulating the central connections related to the postural balance, favoring new neuronal synapses that allow the partial or total recovery of postural imbalance.

Galvanic vestibular stimulation and its applications: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Galvanic vestibular stimulation has been evaluated in the context of vestibular rehabilitation. The objective was to identify evidence in the scientific literature about the clinical applications of galvanic vestibular stimulation. METHODS: In this systematic review, the articles describing the applications of galvanic vestibular stimulation were extracted from PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Scopus, LILACS and SciELO databases. The survey was limited to articles published in English, Portuguese and Spanish. All the articles about the clinical applications of galvanic vestibular stimulation were compiled. Repeated articles in the databases, literature review articles, case reports, letters and editorials were excluded. The descriptors included: galvanic vestibular stimulation, postural balance, central nervous system diseases, vestibular diseases, spinal cord diseases and cognition. RESULTS: The search strategy resulted in the initial selection of 994 articles; the reading of titles and abstracts was accomplished in 470 articles and the complete reading in 23 articles. Clinical applications of galvanic vestibular stimulation included Ménière's disease, vestibular neuritis, bilateral vestibular disorders, vestibular schwannoma, Parkinson's disease, ischemic central lesions, motor myelopathies, anxiety disorders, cognition and memory. CONCLUSION: Galvanic vestibular stimulation has been considered a potentially useful strategy for balance rehabilitation, since it has the effect of stimulating the central connections related to the postural balance, favoring new neuronal synapses that allow the partial or total recovery of postural imbalance.

Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential on Ocular, Cervical, and Soleus Muscles to Assess the Extent of Neurological Impairment in HTLV-1 Infection.

Introduction: Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential (VEMP) can be used to test central vestibular pathways from the midbrain to the lumbar spine, according to the muscle tested. Purpose: to compare the spinal cord alteration in individuals with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM) and with HTLV-1-asymptomatic infection using the VEMP recorded from different muscles. Methods: VEMP was recorded in 90 individuals of whom 30 had HAM, 30 were HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers, and 30 negative controls. VEMP was recorded in the oculomotor muscle (oVEMP), testing the vestibulo-ocular reflex, and in the cervical muscle (cVEMP) and soleus muscle (sVEMP), testing the vestibulospinal reflex, respectively, in the cervical and in the lumbar spinal level. The type of stimulation was auditory for oVEMP and cVEMP, and galvanic for sVEMP. The compared variables were the latencies of the electrophysiological waves. Results: HTLV-1-asymptomatic group was similar to the controls regarding oVEMP (p = 0.461), but different regarding cVEMP (p < 0.001) and sVEMP (p < 0.001). HAM group has presented the worst latencies and was different from the HTLV-1-asymptomatic group in the VEMP of all the tested muscles (p < 0.001). The concomitant occurrence of VEMP alterations in the three recorded muscles of the same individual was found in 2 (6.7%) asymptomatic carriers and in 20 (66.7%) patients with HAM (p = 0.001). The analysis of VEMP alteration per group and per muscle has showed that, in HTLV-1-asymptomatic group, oVEMP was altered in 3 (10.0%) individuals, cVEMP in 10 (33.3%) and sVEMP in 13 (43.3%). In HAM group, oVEMP was altered in 23 (76.6%) individuals, cVEMP in 27 (90%), and sVEMP in 30 (100%). Conclusion: HTLV-1-neurological damage has followed an ascendant progression beginning at the lumbar spine in the stage of a clinically asymptomatic infection, whereas HAM has affected not only the spine, but also the midbrain.

Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) reveals mesencephalic HTLV-1-associated neurological disease.

PURPOSE: Vestibular Myogenic Evoked Potential (VEMP) evaluates vestibulo-ocular and vestibulo-collic reflexes involved in the function of the otolithic organs and their afferent pathways. We compared the results of cervical and ocular VEMP in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM) and HTLV-1-asymptomatic infection. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 52 HTLV-1-infected individuals (26 HAM and 26 asymptomatic carriers) and 26 seronegative controls. The groups were similar regarding age and gender. Participants underwent simultaneous ocular and cervical VEMP. The stimulus to generate VEMP was a low-frequency tone burst sound tone burst, with an intensity of 120 decibels normalized hearing level, bandpass filter from 10 to 1,500 Hertz (Hz), with 100 stimuli at 500 Hz and 50 milliseconds recording time. The latencies of the electrophysiological waves P13 and N23 for cervical VEMP and N10 and P15 waves for ocular VEMP were compared among the groups. The absence or delay of the electrophysiological waves were considered abnormal results. RESULTS: Ocular VEMP was similar among the groups for N10 (p = 0.375) and different for P15 (p≤0.001). Cervical VEMP was different for P13 (p = 0.001) and N23 (p = 0.003). About ocular VEMP, in the HTLV-1-asymptomatic group, normal waves were found in 23(88.5%) individuals; in HAM group, normal waves were found in 7(26.9%). About cervical VEMP, 18(69.2%) asymptomatic carriers presented normal waves and only 3(11.5%) patients with HAM presented normal waves. Abnormalities in both VEMPs were found in 1(3.8%) asymptomatic carrier and in 16(61.5%) patients with HAM. CONCLUSION: Neurological impairment in HAM was not restricted to the spinal cord. The mesencephalic connections, tested by ocular VEMP, have been also altered. Damage of the oculomotor system, responsible for eye stabilization during head and body movements, may explain why dizziness is such a frequent complaint in HAM.

Aplicações dos potenciais evocados miogênicos vestibulares: revisão sistemática de literatura / Applications of vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials: a systematic literature review

RESUMO Objetivos Revisar a literatura científica sobre as principais técnicas usadas para gerar o potencial evocado miogênico vestibular (VEMP) e suas aplicações clínicas. Estratégia de pesquisa Os artigos que descrevem os métodos de registro e as aplicações do VEMP foram localizados nas bases de dados PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Scopus, LILACS e SciELO. O levantamento realizado limitou-se aos artigos publicados nos idiomas Inglês, Português e Espanhol, entre janeiro de 2012 e maio de 2018. Critérios de seleção Artigos sobre os aspectos técnicos para a realização do VEMP ocular, cervical ou do músculo sóleo, com estimulação auditiva ou galvânica e artigos sobre as aplicações clínicas do VEMP foram incluídos; artigos repetidos nas bases de dados, artigos de revisão de literatura, relato de casos, cartas e editoriais foram excluídos. Resultados A estratégia de busca resultou na seleção de 28 artigos. Os estudos evidenciaram três métodos de registro do VEMP: cervical, ocular e no músculo sóleo. As aplicações clínicas do VEMP incluíram doença de Ménière, neurite vestibular, síndrome da deiscência do canal semicircular superior, doença de Parkinson, lesões centrais isquêmicas e mielopatias motoras. Conclusão Independentemente da técnica de registro, o VEMP mostrou-se útil como ferramenta complementar para o diagnóstico de doenças vestibulares periféricas e centrais.

ABSTRACT Purpose To review the scientific literature on the main techniques used to generate vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) and its clinical applications. Research strategy A search for articles describing VEMP recording methods and applications was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Scopus, LILACS and SciELO databases. The search was limited to articles published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish between January 2012 and May 2018. Selection criteria Articles addressing the technical aspects for performing ocular, cervical or soleus VEMP with auditory or galvanic stimulation and articles on the clinical applications of VEMP were included in this review, whereas articles repeated in the databases, literature reviews, case reports, letters, and editorials were excluded. Results The search strategy resulted in the selection of 28 articles. The studies evidenced three methods of VEMP recording: responses from the cervical, ocular and soleus muscle. Clinical applications of VEMP included Meniere's disease, vestibular neuritis, superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome, Parkinson's disease, central ischemic lesions, and motor myelopathies. Conclusion Regardless of the recording technique, VEMP has proved to be useful as a complementary tool for the diagnosis of peripheral and central vestibular diseases.

Combined ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential in individuals with vestibular hyporeflexia and in patients with Ménière's disease / Potencial evocado miogênico vestibular ocular e cervical simultâneo em indivíduos com hiporreflexia vestibular e em indivíduos com doença de Ménière

Abstract Introduction: The vestibular evoked myogenic potential is a potential of mean latency that measures the muscle response to auditory stimulation. This potential can be generated from the contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and also from the contraction of extraocular muscles in response to high-intensity sounds. This study presents a combined or simultaneous technique of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential in individuals with changes in the vestibular system, for use in otoneurologic diagnosis. Objective: To characterize the records and analyze the results of combined cervical and ocular VEMP in individuals with vestibular hyporeflexia and in those with Ménière's disease. Methods: The study included 120 subjects: 30 subjects with vestibular hyporeflexia, 30 with Ménière's disease, and 60 individuals with normal hearing. Data collection was performed by simultaneously recording the cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential. Results: There were differences between the study groups (individuals with vestibular hyporeflexia and individuals with Ménière's disease) and the control group for most of wave parameters in combined cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential. For cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential, it was observed that the prolongation of latency of the P13 and N23 waves was the most frequent finding in the group with vestibular hyporeflexia and in the group with Ménière's disease. For ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential, prolonged latency of N10 and P15 waves was the most frequent finding in the study groups. Conclusion: Combined cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential presented relevant results for individuals with vestibular hyporeflexia and for those with Ménière's disease. There were differences between the study groups and the control group for most of the wave parameters in combined cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential.

Resumo Introdução: O potencial evocado miogênico vestibular é um potencial de média latência que avalia a resposta muscular decorrente de estimulação auditiva. Pode ser gerado a partir da contração do músculo esternocleidomastóideo e também a partir da contração de músculos extraoculares em resposta a sons de elevada intensidade. Este estudo apresenta uma técnica combinada ou simultânea de potencial evocado miogênico vestibular cervical e ocular em indivíduos com alterações no sistema vestibular para que possa ser usada no diagnóstico otoneurológico. Objetivo: Caracterizar o registro e analisar os resultados do potencial evocado miogênico vestibular cervical e ocular combinado em indivíduos com hiporreflexia vestibular e em indivíduos com doença de Ménière. Método: Participaram do estudo 120 indivíduos, 30 com hiporreflexia vestibular, 30 com doença de Ménière e 60 com audição dentro dos padrões de normalidade. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio do potencial evocado miogênico vestibular cervical e ocular registrados simultaneamente. Resultados: Houve diferença entre o grupo de estudo (indivíduos com hiporreflexia vestibular e indivíduos com doença de Ménière) e o grupo controle para a maioria dos parâmetros das ondas no potencial evocado miogênico vestibular cervical e ocular combinado. Para o potencial evocado miogênico vestibular cervical observou-se que o prolongamento da latência das ondas P13 e N23 foi a alteração mais encontrada no grupo de indivíduos com hiporreflexia vestibular e no grupo de indivíduos com doença de Ménière. Para o potencial evocado miogênico vestibular ocular o prolongamento da latência das ondas N10 e P15 foi a alteração mais encontrada no grupo de estudo. Conclusão: O potencial evocado miogênico vestibular cervical e ocular combinado apresentou resultados relevantes para os indivíduos com hiporreflexia vestibular e para os indivíduos com doença de Ménière. Houve diferença entre o grupo de estudo e o grupo controle para a maioria dos parâmetros das ondas no potencial evocado miogênico vestibular cervical e ocular combinado.

Combined ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential in individuals with vestibular hyporeflexia and in patients with Ménière's disease.

INTRODUCTION: The vestibular evoked myogenic potential is a potential of mean latency that measures the muscle response to auditory stimulation. This potential can be generated from the contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and also from the contraction of extraocular muscles in response to high-intensity sounds. This study presents a combined or simultaneous technique of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential in individuals with changes in the vestibular system, for use in otoneurologic diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the records and analyze the results of combined cervical and ocular VEMP in individuals with vestibular hyporeflexia and in those with Ménière's disease. METHODS: The study included 120 subjects: 30 subjects with vestibular hyporeflexia, 30 with Ménière's disease, and 60 individuals with normal hearing. Data collection was performed by simultaneously recording the cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential. RESULTS: There were differences between the study groups (individuals with vestibular hyporeflexia and individuals with Ménière's disease) and the control group for most of wave parameters in combined cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential. For cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential, it was observed that the prolongation of latency of the P13 and N23 waves was the most frequent finding in the group with vestibular hyporeflexia and in the group with Ménière's disease. For ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential, prolonged latency of N10 and P15 waves was the most frequent finding in the study groups. CONCLUSION: Combined cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential presented relevant results for individuals with vestibular hyporeflexia and for those with Ménière's disease. There were differences between the study groups and the control group for most of the wave parameters in combined cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential.

Ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential simultaneous in normal individuals.

PURPOSE: To characterize the recording and analyze the results of the combined cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential in individuals without hearing and vestibular complaints. METHODS: In this study, 30 individuals without hearing complaints and hearing within normal limits were evaluated. Data were collected through the simultaneous recording of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential. RESULTS: Differences were observed between the right and left ears for the amplitude of waves P13 and N23 of the cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential and the latency of wave N10 of the ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential. For female subjects, there was no difference between the right and left ears for the amplitude of waves P13, N23, N10, and P15; interamplitude in cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential and interamplitude in ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential; and latency in waves P13, N23, N10, and P15. For male subjects, there was a difference between the right and left ears for the amplitude of wave P13. CONCLUSION: The results of the combined cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials were consistent, because the responses generated by the vestibular evoked myogenic potentials presented an adequate morphology, latency, and amplitude, allowing for the evaluation of the ipsilateral descending vestibular pathways and the contralateral ascending vestibular pathways.

Potencial evocado miogênico vestibular ocular e cervical simultâneo em indivíduos normais / Ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential simultaneous in normal individuals

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar o registro e analisar os resultados do potencial evocado miogênico vestibular cervical e ocular combinado em indivíduos sem queixas auditivas e vestibulares. Métodos: Participaram da pesquisa 30 indivíduos sem queixa auditiva e com audição dentro dos padrões de normalidade. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio do potencial evocado miogênico vestibular cervical e ocular registrados simultaneamente. Resultados: Houve diferença entre as orelhas direita e esquerda para a amplitude das ondas P13 e N23 do potencial evocado miogênico vestibular cervical e para a latência da onda N10 do potencial evocado miogênico vestibular ocular. No gênero feminino não houve diferença entre as orelhas direita e esquerda para a amplitude das ondas P13, N23, N10, P15, interamplitude no potencial evocado miogênico vestibular cervical e interamplitude no potencial evocado miogênico vestibular ocular e para a latência das ondas P13, N23, N10 e P15. No gênero masculino houve diferença entre as orelhas direita e esquerda para a amplitude da onda P13. Conclusão: Os resultados do potencial evocado miogênico vestibular cervical e ocular combinado foram consistentes, uma vez que as respostas geradas pelos potenciais evocados miogênicos vestibulares apresentaram morfologia, latência e amplitude adequadas, o que permite a avaliação da via vestibular ipsilateral descendente e da via vestibular contralateral ascendente.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To characterize the recording and analyze the results of the combined cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential in individuals without hearing and vestibular complaints. Methods: In this study, 30 individuals without hearing complaints and hearing within normal limits were evaluated. Data were collected through the simultaneous recording of cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential. Results: Differences were observed between the right and left ears for the amplitude of waves P13 and N23 of the cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential and the latency of wave N10 of the ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential. For female subjects, there was no difference between the right and left ears for the amplitude of waves P13, N23, N10, and P15; interamplitude in cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential and interamplitude in ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential; and latency in waves P13, N23, N10, and P15. For male subjects, there was a difference between the right and left ears for the amplitude of wave P13. Conclusion: The results of the combined cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials were consistent, because the responses generated by the vestibular evoked myogenic potentials presented an adequate morphology, latency, and amplitude, allowing for the evaluation of the ipsilateral descending vestibular pathways and the contralateral ascending vestibular pathways.

Potencial evocado miogênico vestibular ocular: revisão de literatura / Ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential: literature review

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar e sistematizar os principais estudos sobre o potencial evocado miogênico vestibular ocular e suas aplicações no diagnóstico das diversas doenças vestibulares. Estratégia de pesquisa Foram localizados artigos que descrevem a utilização do potencial evocado miogênico vestibular ocular na avaliação de doenças vestibulares nas bases PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Scopus, LILACS e SciELO. Critérios de seleção Foram incluídos estudos originais, com resumo disponível, publicados no período de janeiro de 2010 a março de 2016. Análise dos dados Foi realizada a descrição do delineamento do estudo e elencados os achados para a avaliação de potencial evocado miogênico vestibular ocular. Resultados Foram encontrados 265 estudos, dos quais 14 contemplaram os critérios de seleção propostos. Em relação à população/amostra de pacientes com alterações vestibulares incluída nos estudos, observou-se que as doenças mais investigadas foram a neurite vestibular, a vertigem posicional paroxística benigna, o Schwanoma vestibular e a doença de Ménière. Conclusão A maior parte das pesquisas realizadas nos últimos anos e publicadas nas bases de dados PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE e Scopus revelou que o potencial evocado miogênico vestibular ocular representa um método eficaz para avaliar a função utricular nas mais diversas doenças vestibulares.

ABSTRACT Purpose To identify and systematize the main studies on the ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and their applications in the diagnosis of various vestibular diseases. Research strategy Articles that describe the use of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials the evaluation of vestibular diseases were located in PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Scopus, LILACS e SciELO. Selection criteria Original studies, with available abstract, published in the period 2010 to March 2016 were included. Data analysis The study design was described, and the characteristics for the evaluation of ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials were listed. Results 265 studies were found, but just 14 contemplated the proposed selection criteria. In relation to the population / sample of patients with vestibular disorders included in the study, it was observed that the most researched diseases were the vestibular neuritis, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, vestibular Schwanoma and Meniere's disease. Conclusion The most of the research realized in recent years and published in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE and Scopus revealed that the ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials is an effective method to evaluate the utricular function in various vestibular disorders.

Lateralidade da atividade do sistema olivococlear medial eferente: estudo preliminar / Laterality of activity of medial olivocochlear efferent system: preliminary study

RESUMO: Objetivo: avaliar a diferença na supressão das emissões otoacústicas entre as orelhas direita e esquerda. Métodos: participaram da pesquisa 36 indivíduos, sendo 18 destros e 18 canhotos, todos sem queixa auditiva e com audição dentro dos padrões de normalidade. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio das emissões otoacústicas transientes e pela supressão das emissões otoacústicas. A análise da presença/ausência do efeito de supressão foi realizada baseada no valor obtido em response. Resultados: não houve diferença entre a orelha direita e esquerda para os valores de response das emissões otoacústicas com ruído contralateral para os indivíduos destros e canhotos. No gênero masculino houve diferença entre a orelha direita e esquerda para os valores de response das emissões otoacústicas com ruído contralateral. Conclusão: a avaliação realizada por meio da supressão das emissões otoacústicas não evidenciou diferenças entre as orelhas direita e esquerda nos grupos estudados.

ABSTRACT: Purpose: to evaluate the difference in the suppression of otoacoustic emissions between the right and left ears Methods: participated in this study 36 individuals, being 18 right-handed and left-handed 18, all without hearing complaints and hearing within normal limits. Data collection was performed by: transient otoacoustic emissions and suppression of the otoacoustic emissions. The analysis of the presence / absence of the suppression effect was made based on the value obtained in response. Results: there was no difference between the right and left ears for the response values of otoacoustic emissions with contralateral noise for right and left handed individuals. In the male, there was a difference between the right and left ears for the response values of otoacoustic emissions with contralateral noise. Conclusion: the evaluation through the suppression of otoacoustic emissions showed no differences between the right and left ears in the groups studied.

Efetividade do treinamento auditivo na plasticidade do sistema auditivo central: relato de caso / Effectiveness of training auditory in plasticity of central auditory system: case report

O objetivo do estudo foi descrever, por meio de relato de caso, a efetividade do treinamento auditivo na modificação do sistema auditivo central de uma criança com queixas de alteração de fala e linguagem. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo, por meio de relato de caso, de uma criança do gênero masculino de 02 anos e 06 meses com queixas de alteração de fala e/ou linguagem. Na avaliação de potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico observou-se presença de ondas eletrofisiológicas I, III e V com latência absoluta e intervalos interpicos dentro da normalidade na orelha direita e presença de ondas I, III e V com latência absoluta da onda V elevada e intervalos interpicos III-V e I-V elevados na orelha esquerda. O limiar eletrofisiológico foi de 70dBNA à direita e 40dBNA à esquerda. Após a avaliação a criança foi encaminhada para terapia fonoaudiológica baseada no treinamento auditivo informal. Para monitorar a função auditiva, após 06 meses de terapia fonoaudiológica, a criança foi encaminhada para reavaliação auditiva. Na reavaliação auditiva os resultados foram presença de ondas eletrofisiológicas I, III e V com latência absoluta e intervalos interpicos dentro da normalidade em ambas as orelhas com limiares eletrofisiológicos de 20dBNA bilateral. O programa de treinamento auditivo foi eficaz na reabilitação das habilidades auditivas.

The objective of the study was to describe, by a case report, the effectiveness of auditory training in the modification of the central auditory system of a child with complaints of change of speech and language. It is a retrospective study, through case report, of a child of the male gender of 02 years and 06 months with complaints of change of speech and / or language. In the evaluation of auditory evoked potential of encephalic stem observed presence of electrophysiological waves I, III and V with absolute latency and interpeak intervals within normal in the right ear and presence of waves I, III and V with absolute latency of the wave V high and interpeak intervals III-V and I-V high in the left ear. The electrophysiological threshold was of 70dBNA to the right and 40dBNA to the left. After evaluation the child was referred for speech therapy based on informal auditory training. To monitor auditory function, after 06 months of speech therapy, the child was referred for reassessment hearing. In the reassessment hearing the results were presence of electrophysiological waves I, III and V with absolute latency and interpeak intervals within normal in both ears with electrophysiological thresholds of 20dBNA bilateral. The auditory training program was effective in rehabilitating of the auditory skills.

Amplitude das emissões otoacústicas produto de distorção e o uso de contraceptivos hormonais: estudo preliminar / Amplitude of distortion product otoacoustic emissions and the use of hormonal contraceptives: preliminary study

OBJETIVO: Identificar se há diferença na amplitude das emissões otoacústicas de mulheres que utilizam e que não utilizam contraceptivo hormonal. MÉTODOS: Participaram da pesquisa 30 mulheres, sendo 15 que utilizam o método contraceptivo hormonal e 15 que não o utilizam, todos sem queixa auditiva e com audição dentro dos padrões de normalidade. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio das emissões otoacústicas transientes e pelas emissões otoacústicas produto de distorção. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre os valores de amplitude das emissões otoacústicas produto de distorção para as frequências de 1 kHz, 1,4 kHz, 2,8 kHz, 4 kHz e 6 kHz, na orelha direita, nos grupos estudados. Na frequência de 2 kHz houve tendência à diferença entre os valores de amplitude das emissões otoacústicas produto de distorção, comparando-se o grupo de mulheres que não usam contraceptivo hormonal e o grupo das que usam. Na orelha esquerda, não houve diferença entre os valores de amplitude das emissões otoacústicas produto de distorção para as frequências de 1 kHz, 1,4 kHz, 2 kHz, 2,8 kHz, 4 kHz e 6 kHz, nos dois grupos analisados. CONCLUSÃO: Não foram observadas diferenças na amplitude das emissões otoacústicas produto de distorção pelo uso de contraceptivo hormonal, nos grupos estudados.

PURPOSE: To verify differences of otoacoustic emissions responses in women using and not using hormonal contraception. METHODS:Participated in this study 30 female individuals, 15 using a hormonal contraceptive method and 15 that do not use hormonal contraception. All without hearing complaints and hearing within normal limits. Data collection was performed by: transient otoacoustic emissions and distortion product otoacoustic emissions. RESULTS: There was no difference between the amplitude of distortion product otoacoustic emissions for frequencies 1 kHz, 1.4 kHz, 2.8 kHz, 4 kHz and 6 kHz in the right ear between the groups. The frequency of 2 kHz tended to the difference between the amplitude of distortion product otoacoustic emissions between the group of women not using hormonal contraception and use. In the left ear there was no difference between the amplitude of distortion product otoacoustic emissions for frequencies 1 kHz, 1.4 kHz, 2 kHz, 2.8 kHz, 4 kHz and 6 kHz between the groups. CONCLUSION: No differences were observed in the amplitude of distortion product otoacoustic emissions by use of hormonal contraceptives.

Variações semânticas nos enunciados de crianças em processo de desenvolvimento da linguagem oral: estudo preliminar / Semantic changes in the statements of children in the process of development of oral language: preliminary study

OBJETIVO: analisar as variações semânticas do enunciado de crianças em processo de desenvolvimento da linguagem. MÉTODOS: participaram deste estudo 10 crianças em processo de desenvolvimento da linguagem, entre três e quatro anos, e sem queixa e/ou alterações auditivas e cognitivas. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de observação e registro, em áudio e vídeo, de situações de interação lúdica. RESULTADOS: nos enunciados das crianças na faixa etária de 3 anos, observou-se que houve maior ocorrência da superextensão apenas em relação à subextensão (p=0,039) e que houve tendência a maior ocorrência quando comparada com a proximidade fonológica (p=0,053), dêitico (p=0,053) e relação de contiguidade (p=0,083). Nos enunciados das crianças na faixa etária de 4 anos, houve maior ocorrência da perífrase em relação à subextensão (p=0,012) e proximidade fonológica (p=0,012). Não houve diferença entre as variações semânticas estudadas entre as faixas etárias de 3 e 4 anos. CONCLUSÃO: as variações semânticas mais frequentes foram a superextensão e a perífrase.

PURPOSE: to analyze the semantics of the statement of changes were in the process of development of language. METHODS: the study included 10 children in the process of development of language, between three and four years, without complaint and / or hearing and cognitive impairments. Data collection was performed through the observation and recording, audio and video, playful interaction situations RESULTS: in the statements of children aged 3 years, it was observed that there was a higher occurrence of super-extension only in relation to sub-extension (p=0,039) and that there was a trend to higher incidence when compared with the proximity phonologic (p=0,053), deitic (p=0,053) and relation of contiguity (p=0,083). In the statements of children aged 4 years, there was a higher occurrence of periphrasis in relation to sub extension (p=0,012) and proximity phonologic (p=0,012). There was no difference between the semantic changes studied between the ages of 3 and 4 years. CONCLUSION: the variations were most frequent semantic super-extension and periphrasis.

Diferenças na habilidade de integração auditiva inter-hemisférica entre os gêneros feminino e masculino: estudo preliminar / Differences on interhemispherical auditory integration between female and male: preliminary study

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a habilidade de integrar informações auditivas inter-hemisféricas em indivíduos do gênero feminino e do gênero masculino. MÉTODOS:Participaram da pesquisa 30 indivíduos, 15 do gênero feminino e 15 do gênero masculino, na faixa etária de 18 a 25 anos, todos sem queixa auditiva e com audição dentro dos padrões de normalidade. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio dos testes dicótico não verbal e dicótico de dígitos e pela pesquisa do efeito supressor das emissões otoacústicas transientes. RESULTADOS: No teste dicótico não verbal, na etapa de atenção, houve diferença entre os gêneros estudados no número de acertos da orelha direita. No teste dicótico de dígitos, na etapa de integração binaural, houve diferença entre os gêneros na porcentagem de acertos da orelha direita. Na etapa de atenção direcionada, houve tendência à diferença na porcentagem de acertos da orelha esquerda entre os gêneros estudados. No gênero feminino houve tendência à diferença entre as orelhas direita e esquerda no teste dicótico não verbal, na etapa de atenção livre, e houve diferença entre as orelhas na etapa de atenção seletiva. No teste dicótico de dígitos, na etapa de integração binaural, houve tendência à diferença entre as orelhas. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se diferenças entre os gêneros feminino e masculino em algumas habilidades e, em outras, houve similaridade de respostas.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the interhemispherical auditory integration ability between female and male individuals. METHODS: Participants were 30 individuals - 15 female and 15 male - aged between 18 and 25 years, without hearing complaints and with hearing within normal limits. Data collection was carried out using the non-verbal dichotic test, the dichotic digits test, and suppressive transient otoacoustic emissions. RESULTS: In the non-verbal dichotic test, in the stage of right attention, there was difference between genders regarding the number of correct responses in the right ear. In the dichotic digits test, in binaural integration, there was difference between genders regarding the percentage of correct responses in the right ear. In the stage of directed attention, there was a tendency towards difference between genders on the percentage of correct responses in the left ear. Among female subjects, there was a tendency towards difference between right and left ears in the non-verbal dichotic test, free attention stage, and there was difference between ears in selective attention. In the dichotic digits test, in binaural integration, there was a tendency towards difference between ears. CONCLUSION: Differences were observed between male and female individuals in some abilities, while in others there was similarity of responses.